Information has been an integral part of firm success. Asymmetric information has been the main concern in successfully meeting firm objectives. This concern has been related to the need for more intense corporate governance and International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS, IFRS) as emphasized by recent studies and policymakers in some developing countries. Hence, the present study examines the integrative impact of corporate governance and International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS, IFRS) on the asymmetric information of the opinions of a sample of accounting academics and external auditors in Erbil city. The study uses four dimensions of corporate governance to predict the asymmetric information namely board of directors, audit committee, market mechanism and external audit. It has also used the survey method to obtain the primary data from the respondents by using survey questionnaires The researcher also used the mail method to distribute the survey questionnaires to selected respondents comprising auditors and academics. The study also used the SPSS to check the data reliability, validity and association among variables. The outcomes revealed that the corporate governance dimensions (i.e., board of directors, audit committee, market mechanism, and external audit and International Standards for Accounting (IAS, IFRS) implementation) have reduced the asymmetric information in firms. This study guides the policymakers in making policies related to reducing the asymmetric information by proper implanting International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS, IFRS) and effective corporate governance.
A long-term autoimmune illness called celiac disease (CD) mainly affects the small intestine, which is where gluten intolerance occurs. Since multiple extra-digestive signs are often present with this disease. CD may begin with extraintestinal symptoms, and related disorders may present at the time of diagnosis as well as the disease progresses. Adopting a gluten-free diet (GFD) prevents the development of related disorders and enhances the overall clinical course. According to these facts, the present work investigated the influence of gluten on the level of the number of autoantibodies associated with CD-related autoimmune illnesses, including anti-pituitary IgG, anti-thyroid peroxidase IgG (anti-TPO IgG), anti-islet IgG, and anti-ganglioside IgG, and analyzed the correlation between anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA(tTG-IgA) and the mentioned autoantibodies. In addition to investigate the association of one type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class 1 through the study of its level in serum as a soluble protein named soluble HLAG (sHLAG) and detected the HLAs class 2 type of CD patients regarding DQ2 and DQ8 alleles to determine the disease association with genetic haplotype.
To apply these aims, a total of 200 blood samples were collected in this study during the period from July 2021 until October 2022 in Raparin Children’s Hospital and Rizgary Teaching Hospital in Erbil City – Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), 75 of them were collected from newly diagnoses (ND) of CD patients after they were diagnosed clinically and serologically, their ages ranged from 2 to 56 years. DNA was extracted and sera were separated then kept at -80Cº and -20Cº until used, respectively. After 4 months of GFD treatment, 75 blood samples were gathered from the same patients in addition to the control group which contained 50 healthy donors.
Sera were used to measure the level of tTG-IgA, anti-pituitary IgG, TPO- IgG, anti-islet IgG, anti-ganglioside IgG, and sHLAG level by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). DNA was extracted; the purity and concentration were determined using the nanodrop technique. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was utilized to detect DQ2 and DQ8 alleles of the ND group, following the collection of samples. Graph Pad Prism 8 was used to conduct all statistical analyses
The result of the present study is divided into the finding of autoantibodies, sHLAG, and genetic study to determine homozygosity and heterozygosity of DQ2 and DQ8 alleles. The level of anti-tTG IgA, anti-pituitary IgG , anti-TPO IgG , anti-islet IgG and anti-ganglioside IgG were evidently greater (P < 0.05) in ND group of CD patients than control. Moreover, serum anti-tTG IgA , anti-pituitary IgG , anti-TPO IgG , anti-islet IgG and anti-ganglioside IgG levels were considerably higher (P < 0.05) in the CD patients under GFD group as compared with control. A comparison between CD patients, pre and post-4 months’ treatment with GFD, was conducted concerning the concentrations of autoantibodies (anti-tTG IgA, anti-pituitary IgG, anti-TPO IgG, anti-Islet IgG, and anti-ganglioside IgG). The result exhibited that the mean levels of all tested autoantibodies in CD patients were significantly (p < 0.0001) decreased after 4 months of the GFD regime compared with ND CD patients before starting the regime.
In the ND group, anti-tTG level showed a significant positive correlation with anti-ganglioside (rs=0.238, p = 0.039), however, no significant correlation was observed with other studied autoantibodies. Meanwhile, in GFD, anti-tTG IgA confirmed the significant positive correlation with anti-ganglioside (rs=0. 231, p = 0.046) as well as with anti-pituitary (rs=0.340, p = 0.002). Both anti-TPO and anti-islet did not correlate with anti-tTG IgA levels in the GFD group.
Patients were divided into two age groups: 25 of them were 2–17 years old, and 50 patients were 18–65 years old. Only anti-tTG and anti-pituitary levels differed significantly when compared between children and adults in ND patients while in GFD, the concentrations of anti-tTG, anti-pituitary, and anti-TPO were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced between age groups.Neither ND nor GFD patients reflect any significant alteration according to sex.
The other part of the findings related to sHLAG level in study groups. The level of sHLA-G was significantly (P < 0.05) dropped after 4 months of GFD treatment as compared with the ND patients but remained higher than its level in healthy controls. A weak correlation was recorded between sHLAG and anti-pituitary IgG (rs =0.317, p=0.005) in the ND group. After 4 months of GFD, anti-pituitary IgG was still in a weak correlation with sHLAG (rs= 0.324, p=0.004) while a weak correlation was also recorded between sHLAG and anti-tTG IgA (rs= 0.279, p=0.015). Concerning age and gender, there were no statistically significant (P > 0.05) variations between male and female patients of ND as well as GFD group in sHLAG mean levels.
Eight patients coded for DQ2 and twelve for DQ8, out of the patients included in this investigation. However, fifty-five individuals coded for both DQ2 and DQ8. Regarding the allele polymorphism of the DQ2 gene, DQA1*05 and DQB1*02 were encoded in 100% and 65.097% of patients carried DQ2. DQA1*03 and DQB1*0302 alleles of DQ8 were coded in 100% and 71.641% of patients carrying DQ8, respectively. Patients were categorized into three groups: homozygote, heterozygote, and negative for each gene included in this study, according to the RT-PCR results for the DQ2 and DQ8 alleles. Levels of anti-pituitary in the ND group and its levels in the GFD group in addition to anti-islet level in ND patients and in GFD patients were significantly increased (p < 0.0001) among the patients with heterozygous DQ2 polymorphism compared to homozygous or negative. Concerning DQ8 categorizations, anti-pituitary levels and anti-TPO levels decreased significantly (p < 0.0001) in the homozygote group compared to the heterozygote and negative in the ND group while anti-islet levels decreased significantly in homozygote and heterozygote compared with the negative group. The same results were recorded regarding the GFD group where anti-pituitary levels, anti-TPO levels and anti-islet levels.
Statistically non-significant (P >0.05) differences were recorded in sHLA-G level in the homozygote group when compared with heterozygote and negative groups of CD patients , whereas significant (P < 0.05) elevation was found in heterozygote group in comparison with negative groups, the same result was obtained after GFD treatment where sHLA-G mean concentration of DQ2 heterozygote group significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in comparison with a negative group in contrast with sHLA-G level of DQ2 homozygote group which did not record significant alteration with other groups. Whereas ND and GFD patients did not record significant alteration of sHLA-G level among groups divided based on DQ8 categorizations.
The present study concluded that gluten-free meals have a significant impact on many autoimmune disorders by affecting the disease severity depending on the reduction in the levels of autoantibodies specific for the diagnosis of each disease and emphasized that sHLA-G has an important role in determining the severity of CD, which pertinent to the characters of genes related to this disease. As well as the results revealed that sHLA-G reflects the sequels of this disease after consuming gluten-free meals. Patients coded heterozygosity of the DQ2 allele were more severe than other polymorphisms to develop some type of autoimmune disease.
This research entitled (The position of titles and images in newspaper design)، this research used the descriptive type and content analysis method،
which used both newspapers (Khabat and Erbil) as an example from (1/1/2023) to (31/9/2023).
The researcher selected (30) numbers from each newspaper and used artificial years to obtain the issues of both newspapers. This research is in the field of newspapers in general and design in particular. The researcher has tried to explain the ways that a newspaper takes to use appropriate images and titles in the whole pages and specially in the first page of (Khabat and Erbil) newspaper.
The aim of this research is to know the design of titles and images and to become familiar with the ways of designing and publishing newspapers،
also to know the position of the two genders in the design of both Khabat and Erbil newspapers. To get more information the researcher did an interview with the writer and the designer of both newspapers، and for analyzing data and informations used statistical tools based on SPSS.
The most important conclusions reached by the researcher are:
• Both Khabat and Erbil newspapers have political titles because both newspapers are political.
• Both newspapers paid great attention to political images because they are political newspapers.
• Both newspapers (Khabat and Erbil) most of the photos used on the front pages of the newspapers are (Close Up) type.
A metaheuristic is a higher-level procedure or heuristic used in computer science and mathematical optimization to identify, create, adjust, or choose a heuristic (partial search algorithm) that can adequately solve an optimization or machine-learning problem, particularly when there is limited computing power or incomplete or imperfect information available. Metaheuristics are near-optimal solution methods used to solve NP-hard optimization problems. Metaheuristics may be used for a wide range of situations because they tend to make minimal assumptions about the optimization problem that must be addressed.
Due to limitations in time, space, and resources, it is difficult to explore all potential solutions to the many real-world problems encountered. Thus, it is essential to use faster, more cost-effective, and technologically superior techniques. As a result, several algorithms have been developed based on the lives, behaviour, hunting, and self-defense techniques of various species in nature, such as fish schools, krill herds, fox packs, bee colonies, red foxes, and whales. These algorithms are referred to as nature-inspired algorithms (NIAs) because they were developed based on this principle. Considering the abundance of traditional optimization methods, one may naturally wonder why researchers need novel algorithms, such as social algorithms. Traditional algorithms perform well in a wide range of problem types, according to the literature and substantial research; however, they have several significant drawbacks. Traditional algorithms mostly rely on local search and do not provide global optimality in the majority of optimization tasks. Because they often need knowledge, such as derivatives of the local objective landscape, they are typically problem-specific. Multimodal and highly nonlinear issues are too complex for traditional algorithms to handle. They struggle to deal with discontinuity problems, particularly when gradients are required. Because they are often predictable, they have strong exploitation ability, but a poor capacity for exploration and a variety of solutions. In this study, we addressed and improved the above-mentioned problems by proposing a new metaheuristic algorithm.
The GOOSE algorithm, a new metaheuristic algorithm based on the behaviour of geese during rest and foraging, is proposed. The goose balances and stands on one leg to monitor and guard the other birds in the flock. Notably, the GOOSE method is a particle swarm optimization (PSO) -based approach that updates the location of the search agent with the addition of velocity. The GOOSE algorithm is described throughout this work of art along with an explanation of the idea's inspiration.
The accuracy and performance of the proposed algorithm were rigorously verified by testing it on various benchmark functions. The GOOSE algorithm was benchmarked on 19 well-known benchmark test functions, and the results were verified through a comparative study with a genetic algorithm (GA), (PSO), dragonfly algorithm (DA), and fitness-dependent optimizer (FDO). In addition, the proposed algorithm was tested on ten modern benchmark functions, and the obtained results were compared with three recent algorithms: the dragonfly algorithm, whale optimization algorithm (WOA), and salp swarm algorithm (SSA). Moreover, the GOOSE algorithm was tested on five classical benchmark functions, and the obtained results were evaluated using six algorithms: the fitness-dependent optimizer, FOX optimizer, butterfly optimization algorithm (BOA), whale optimization algorithm, dragonfly algorithm, and chimp optimization algorithm (ChOA). The obtained findings attest to the superior performance of the proposed algorithm compared with the other algorithms utilized in the current study. The technique is then used to optimize the welded beam design, Economic Load Dispatch Problem, Pressure Vessel Design Problem, and the Pathological IgG Fraction in the Nervous System, four well-known real-world challenges. The outcomes of engineering case studies illustrate how well the suggested approach can optimize real-world issues.
Comparison of GOOSE statistical results with literature for the welded beam design problem compared to other algorithms such as WOA, PSO, and GSA, where the Goose algorithm ranked third in the list with an average of 3.1882. Also, GOOSE statistics findings are compared with the literature for the pressure vessel design problem, and the method ranks second with an average of (6343.6587) when compared to other algorithms such as WOA, PSO, and GSA. On the other hand, the goose algorithm was used to improve a health problem called (The Pathological IgG Fraction in the Nervous System), and as a result, our algorithm achieved a very good comparative result to the LEO algorithm with an average of (0.00047792). Because this application is newly designed and only optimized by the LEO algorithm, it was compared with the LEO results.
